Site Preparation for Fall Planting: A Guide for Timberland Owners
The success of your planting efforts depends on several factors, including timing, site preparation, and mitigation of threats from wildlife and environmental conditions. Here’s what you need to know about site preparation for fall planting.
Best Timing for Planting
The best time to plant depends on several factors and should be determined on a case-by-case basis. Generally, the planting season extends from November 1 to April 1, with January and February being the most optimal months. During this period, seedlings are less likely to experience prolonged dry spells, ensuring they have adequate moisture for establishment.
Coastal regions are more suited for fall planting due to increased moisture levels and relatively stable, cool temperatures. These conditions help improve seedling survival rates and reduce competition from invasive species, which tend to be more aggressive in the spring.
Planning Ahead
Proper planning begins well before planting. Key considerations include:
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Harvest Timing – Plan logging operations based on climate and planting goals.
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Site Preparation – Strategize site preparation methods to maximize planting success.
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Species Selection – Match tree species to soil type, elevation, and microclimate for optimal growth.
Site Preparation for Planting
Chemical Site Preparation
It is common practice to wait after logging before beginning site preparation. Initially, the land appears clear, but as vegetation regrows in the early fall or spring, invasive species such as blackberries and Scotch broom become more susceptible to herbicide treatments. Spraying too soon after logging, before vegetation regrows, is less effective. Similarly, spraying during dormancy does not yield the best results.
Some landowners use pre-emergent herbicides, which remain in the soil and activate when plants begin to germinate. This method prevents unwanted vegetation from establishing, reducing competition for young seedlings.
Mechanical and Manual Brush Control
For smaller tree farms and woodlots, some landowners still use hand tools like weed eaters and clippers to control brush. Additionally heavy equipment such as skid steers and bulldozers may be used to clear vegetation efficiently.
Although controlled burns were once a common method for brush/slash management, they have declined due to restrictive regulations. However, burning brush piles remains an effective way to clear logging debris before planting.
Wildlife Threats to Seedlings
Elk and Deer
Wildlife can pose significant challenges to new seedlings. Elk and deer are particularly problematic, as they often pull seedlings from the ground or trample young plants. Damage is most severe in winter when these animals migrate to lower elevations where temperatures are milder and food sources are scarce. Deprivation hunts are sometimes used as a deterrent, though they only provide temporary relief.
Rodents and Small Mammals
Among the most destructive small animals are mice, which often inhabit areas with tall grass. They girdle seedlings by chewing the bark, ultimately killing the young trees. To mitigate this risk, maintaining low vegetation around seedlings is crucial—removing their habitat prevents mice from settling in the area.
Reclaiming and Preparing Roads
Once logging is complete, loggers often reclaim unneeded roads by disturbing the soil to make it plantable again. This process helps promote vegetation growth and prevents erosion issues in areas where roads were temporarily constructed for logging access.
Species Selection for Fall Planting
When replanting, it is vital to use seedlings adapted to the local environment. Trees grown in different regions have varying adaptations. For example, a valley pine planted in a high desert area or vice versa is unlikely to thrive due to differences in climate and soil conditions. Sourcing seedlings from trees native to your specific zone increases survival rates and promotes healthier forest growth.
Erosion Control and Soil Conservation
Managing Erosion in Clear-Cut Areas
On large industrial clear-cuts, erosion can be a concern. In the first couple of years post-harvest, few plants aside from newly planted seedlings grow, making the soil more susceptible to erosion. To address this:
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The Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) has regulations to protect steep slopes and drainageways.
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Spraying in erosion-prone areas is more restricted.
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Retaining vegetation in steep areas helps maintain soil stability and prevents landslides.
Seedling Storage Best Practices
Once seedlings are acquired, proper storage is crucial for maintaining their viability. Refrigeration or storage in a cool area is recommended until planting. Seedlings should be kept in a controlled environment until shortly before they are ready to be planted.
Final Thoughts
Site preparation is a critical step in successful reforestation. Careful planning, strategic site preparation, and proactive wildlife management can ensure higher seedling survival rates and healthier future forests. By taking a thoughtful approach to fall planting, timberland owners can set the stage for long-term success in their reforestation efforts.
Live Wild. Invest Wisely.
Made Out West Land Co.
